Major Developments Major Developments by Calendar Year

April 16, 2015

Bitewing X Rays in Dental Diagnosis And Treatments

Filed under: 2014 — Tags: — Ralph C Dreher @ 1:27 AM

Bitewing radiography furnishes images of the crown, the top and bottom part of teeth on a single film. The photographic films that are used in this procedure give detailed information about the changes occurring by dental diseases. Bitewing radiography is usually done in a series of 4 films, which are placed on both sides of the mouth, thus examining the structures from the eye teeth, canines, etc.

As they show the crown of the tooth, bitewing X-rays are extremely helpful in determining tooth decay located in between teeth, various stages of gum disease and problems with tooth. Bitewings are also helpful for detecting a buildup of dental tartar and also bone loss due to periodontal disease. It is a quick and painless process, and the output is usually ready for the dentist to view within just a few minutes.

Steps followed while doing a dental checkup using bitewing X rays

  • The patient is allowed to seat in an upright position in the dental chair.
  • Patient is covered with a apron and thyroid collar.
  • A film is placed into the patient’s mouth using a holding device. It is important that the patient closes his or her teeth completely in their natural bite. The film has the shape of letter T, and is placed in the interior side of the jaw.
  • Once the film is in position, the operator directs the X-ray unit towards the film.
  • After directing the X-ray the film from the patient’s mouth is removed. This procedure may be repeated for different areas of the mouth as required.
  • Once the series of bitewing radiographs have been completed the films are sent for processing.
  • The films are assessed to determine whether all areas can be visualized adequately and are sent for final documentation.

Benefits

  • Dose of radiation is kept as low as possible in order to maximize diagnostic value and minimizing risk.
  • Bitewing radiographs provide the dental professionals with important information that is important in the diagnosis and treatment planning for patients.

Safety precautions to be followed while using bitewing radiographs

  • Low amount of radiation is used in this bitewing radiographs.
  • Due to the usage of low amount of radiation there are no side effects.
  • Patients should always be covered with a apron and no one else should be there in the room because the X rays are harmful.

Bitewing X-rays are an essential part of any dental care program. It is highly usefull in the diagnosis of tooth decay, periodontal diseases and gum diseases. These are widely used X-rays used comapred to other X-rays which are available.
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March 24, 2015

Model of OSHA Training Guidelines

Filed under: Business — Tags: — Winson @ 3:16 AM

OSHA requires that safety and health program training to be the essential part of employers for protecting the employees from illness and injuries. For conducting training, OSHA has a model with the training guidelines. This model is designed in such a way that even the smaller organizations can afford it, without hiring a professional trainer or purchasing the expensive material. The guidelines are listed below.

Determining whether the training is required
This is the first step in the training process; and it determines whether the problem can be solved by training or not. Training is given to the employees if they are not performing well in their job but safety and health training is given before any problem. Else, accidents occur – because, it would cover both safety and health rules. Problems that are addressed effectively by training includes – incorrect execution of the task, unfamiliarity with the equipment etc.

Identify the needs of training
If the problem can be solved with the help of training, then the next step is to determine what type of training is needed. Here, it is necessary to find out what the employee is expected to do, and in what way. This can be found by conducting the job analysis that shows what the employees should know, in order to perform well in their job.

Identifying the objectives and goals
Once the needs of the training are identified, employer have to prepare the training objectives for the employees. For effective training objectives, the objective should be identified precisely – what individuals will do to show once they would learn or otherwise the objective has been achieved? They also have to explain the important situations under which the individual will show competence and define those points that helped them for their satisfactory performance.

Developing learning activities
Here, the learning activities are identified and described. They help the employees for explaining what they have obtained – the desired knowledge or skills – and to ensure that they can transfer these to their jobs – the learning situation impact the actual job closely. The materials and methods for the learning activity will defer, based on the available resources and the employer’s imagination.

Conducting the training
After following the above steps, the employer has to conduct the training; and the training should be given to the suitable level possible, so that the organization and its meaning will be clear for the employees. Training program should allow the employees to participate in it, and practice the knowledge or skills.

Evaluating program effectiveness
The training program is evaluated to find out how effective it is. This will help the supervisors or the employers to determine the amount of learning achieved; and also, to identify whether the employee has improved his/her performance in the job or not. The ultimate success should be – all the changes in the workplace that reduces the rates of injuries and accidents.

Improving the program
After the evaluation, if it is found that the training is not effective in providing the required knowledge or skills to the employees, then it has to be revised or provided the periodic retraining.

This is the model of OSHA training guidelines. So, it is the responsibility of the employers to make sure that the employees get effective training in improving their skills or knowledge, following these guidelines.
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March 16, 2015

Various Types of Mobile Marketing

Filed under: Business — Tags: — Winson @ 7:59 AM

In order to improve business sales you need to market your products/services effectively among the customers. For this mobile marketing is an effective way especially for small businesses that can’t afford much on advertising or marketing. Mobile marketing is divided into various types. Some of them are listed below.

SMS marketing
SMS (Short message service) marketing is also called as text messaging. It is a type of mobile advertising. Here, the information is send in the form of text that can include, link to the websites, news, offers etc. This text messages are visible in all the phones i.e., from normal to smart phones. It is the traditional form of advertising, but people still follow this method of marketing or advertising as majority of people read their every message and is also least expensive mode of advertising.

MMS marketing
It is similar to the SMS marketing but with some changes in the mode of information they send in the form or message or ad. Rather than sending simple text they send MMS (Multimedia messaging service) that includes images, audio, video and they are same as TV ads. Marketers or advertisers believe that MMS marketing makes a better impressions on the customers but, it is more expensive when compared to the SMS marketing and this type of messages are not supported in all types of mobile phones.

QR (Quick Response) code marketing
This is the most powerful way of driving traffic to the clients website or store and is becoming more popular today. This ad is displayed in patterned square that pops-up in the mobile. This ads are displayed in the mobiles that have camera with QR application. But, the disadvantage here is these ads can be understood by the people who are educated. But, it is powerful mode of marketing as it directly drives the customers to the websites or online content.

Mobile internet marketing
It is also called as mobile web marketing. It involves the usage of both internet and the mobile device to market your service or product. But, for this you need to optimize your website so that it can be visible both in the desktops and the mobile phones. As the mobile users with internet are more today. Mobile web marketing strategies are growing faster.

These are some of the most popular types of mobile marketing. So, utilize these ways and market your products/services effectively among your potential customers.
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December 30, 2014

Major Employment Laws that You Should Know

Filed under: 2014 — Tags: , — Winson @ 5:23 AM

Whether you are a business owner or an employee, there are a few employment labor laws that you should know. These laws tell you of your rights and responsibilities in the organization. Ignoring these laws amounts to violation and may lead to serious actions sometimes. So, you should know at least the major employment laws, if you are a business owner or an employee. The purpose of this article is to make you know about a few major laws.

Wage laws
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is the law that sets the federal minimum wage or overtime pay. Minimum wage varies from state to state; and one thing that you should know here is, if the state has set higher minimum wage than the federal minimum wage, then it means that the higher minimum wage will be considered and will be in effect.

Over time pay is for any type of work done in excess to what has been legally set by the law. In general, under the federal law, the employer should pay the employees 1.5 times more than the normal wage for the hours worked more than 40 hours a week.

Discrimination laws
There are many discrimination laws under various state or federal laws such as – job discrimination, wage discrimination, age discrimination, disability discrimination, pregnancy discrimination, sexual discrimination or harassment, etc. So, the employees of an organization must be aware of such discrimination laws of their state; and if they have faced any type of discrimination under the associated acts, they can make a claim, accordingly.

Workplace safety law
Workplace safety comes under OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act). It requires employers for making the workplace free from recognized hazards (illness and injuries). Under this act, the employer of an organization have several responsibilities that must be taken care and make the workplace safe and secure. The employees also have many rights under this Act.

Leave laws
Under Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) and Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), different employees have different time periods or limits for availing the leave with job protection, based on the acts the employee belongs to. So, make sure that you are aware of the limits from your employer, before you take leave.

A note to make here is that these laws may differ from state to state and across the countries. So, ensure checking with your organization or your employer regarding the employment laws (state or federal).

These are the common major employment laws that an employer or employee should be aware of. It is recommended that an employer must have these labor law posters in their organization, to make the employees know about the facts of labor law.
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November 19, 2014

Major Industries in Texas

Filed under: Business,Small Business — Tags: — Ralph C Dreher @ 2:55 AM

Texas is known for its fast growth, being safe and one of the smartest states in US. Highly educated, strong economy and talented workforce along with globally respected work force and institutions keeps it always on the leading point of business. In this article, we will discuss each major industry in Texas briefly.

  • Oil and gas: The refineries of Texas produce more than 4.7 million barrels of oil/day. Houston being one of the largest cities has more than 3,000 employers in energy sector. 200 chemical plants manufacturing 14% of the nations chemical output are located in Texas.
  • Aerospace and aviation: Texas aerospace and aviation industry have more than 20,000 employees with the major employers being Lockheed Martin, Bell aerospace, Raytheon, Gulf stream aerospace and Boeing.
  • Agriculture and food production: It is one of the top industries in Texas generating one in every seven jobs in Texas state.
  • The state has more than 247,000 farms covering all over 13.4 million acres.
  • Biotechnology and life sciences: Texas state has developed one of the top industries in biotechnology and life sciences.
  • It has more than 4,500 biotechnology, medical manufacturing, biomedical research and other companies related to life sciences with around 108,600 employees with an annual economic output more than $75 billion.
  • Manufacturing: Texas is the leading manufacturing states ranking first in the manufacture of electronic equipments like computers, military communication systems and electronic components.
  • Chemical manufacturing is ranks second in Texas. The state is a producer of benzene, fertilizers, ethylene, sulfuric acid and propylene.
  • Food processing sector takes the third place in manufacturing with beverages being the major part and others such as baked goods, soft drinks, preserved fruits and vegetables.
  • Mining: Texas state leads in production of mined products like natural gas and oil.
  • Texas state makes about 1/5th of the total oil production in the country and 1/3 rd of the total supply of natural gas.
  • It also leads in the production of crushed stone, lime, cement, sand, salt and gravel.
  • Communications and information technology: Communications and information technology in Texas state numbers more than 26,000 high technology companies and 470,000 employers.
  • Micro electronics and computer technology and their research and development at Texas higher education institutions top at $74 million annually.
  • Transportation and logistics: Airports, railroads, highways and ports present in Texas state make it a logistics and distribution leader, strategic export and import gateway.
  • The state has 27 commercial airports and 29 ports.
  • Services: Business, personal services group and community are the biggest service industries present in Texas.
  • Various industries are included in this sector which include private health care, law firms, hotels, engineering companies and other repair shops.
  • Retail trade and whole sale trade including food products, petroleum products and motor vehicles rank second under services in Texas sate.
  • Finance, real estate services, insurance ranks third in the state where Dallas and Houston being the major financial centers of Texas state.

From these data, it’s clear how Texas state has diversified industries present all over the State with corresponding developments and providing employment to large number of educated workers.
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